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Scleral and Subretinal Abscess with Endophthalmitis A patient presented with blurry vision and pain after scleral buckle removal. He had a remote history of retinal detachment with primary scleral buckling. He had persistent inflammation that did not improve with topical steroids or tap and inject …

OCTA demonstrating neovascularization (yellow arrow) growing into the vitreous with widefield imaging.

Syphilitic Uveitis A 64-year-old male presented to the VA Eye Clinic with painless vision loss in the right eye. He was found to have vitreous hemorrhage, thought to be secondary to a hemorrhagic PVD, which was observed. Over several weeks, the patient’s vision worsened and his vitreous became mo…

Leukemic Retinopathy A patient with no significant past medical history presented to BPEI ER complaining of blurry vision in the left eye for two weeks. On fundus exam, he had hemorrhages in multiple layers of the retina, venous dilation and tortuosity, and Roth spots. CBC was obtained which reveal…

Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy A patient presented to Bascom Palmer Eye Institute complaining of slowly progressive vision loss in both eyes occurring over several years. Examination revealed 20/25, 20/30 vision, bilateral hyperpigmented mottling in the posterior pole. Fundus autofluorescence sho…

Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) A patient presents with recent blurry vision OS. VA 20/200 OD and 20/25 OS. Exam significant for macular scar OD and macular edema OS. Imaging workup significant for OCT showing intra-retinal fluid and VMT OS, SS-OCTA OS showed CNV. Patient started on Aflibercept injecti…

Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria This case involves an elderly gentleman presenting after trauma to his right eye by an errant golf ball. He was diagnosed with rupture at an outside hospital, but globe exploration failed to identify the site of rupture. He presented to BPED and was diagnosed with chorio…

Submacular Hemorrhage An 82-year-old woman presents for follow-up for macular degeneration. Her vision in the right eye at the time of presentation is 20/60. After loss to follow-up due to Covid-19, the patient presents with decreased vision in the right eye secondary to a submacular hemorrhage. He…

Full Thickness Macular Hole A 68-year-old female presented with blurry vision OD. Reported seeing black spots that became yellow with a halo and cloudy central vision. VA: 20/50 OD and 20/20 OS. DFE was significant for a small round defect in the fovea OD. Imaging work up: significant for OCT showi…

The pseudocyst (yellow arrow) can be a signal that the retinal detachment is chronic. The ultrasound helps to clearly define the fluid filled cavity. It is thought that these are formed by schisis cavities in the outer plexiform layer. If closure of the primary break is not possible, or if the pseu…

In this condition, vasculitis of both arteries and veins, with translucent exudation, gives a similar appearance to the frosted branches of a tree. (Yellow arrow). Superior nasally, there is also the classic retinal whitening with retinal hemorrhages, also known as a “pizza pie fundus”.

Klebsiella Pneumoniae Endogenous Endophthalmitis A 46-year-old healthy male presented with a red and painful eye with a preceding febrile gastrointestinal illness. Examination and work-up revealed concomitant intraocular and liver abscesses that required pars plana vitrectomy, drainage of subretina…

Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A 47-year-old male with previous diagnosis of exudative AMD s/p multiple Avastin injections presents with complaint of decreased vision OU. Exam was significant for VA 20/200 OD, 20/25 OS. DFE significant for macular mottling OU. OCT shows serous retinal …

Acute Syphilitic Posterior Placoid Chorioretinitis A 56-year-old Hispanic male with past medical history of gout presented to the emergency room with a “purple spot” in his right eye for the last four days. Examination was significant for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/70, no anterior c…

Toxoplasmosis Necrotizing Retinitis Mimicking Acute Retinal Necrosis A 38-year-old male was referred to Bascom Palmer retina department with a 7-month history of decreased vision in the right eye. Examination revealed hand motions vision, anterior and posterior segment inflammation, and a near tota…

In this module, we will look at:




Anatomy of the Retina, Vitreous, and Choroid


Imaging in the Retina


Age-Related Macular Degeneration


Central Retinal Vein Occlusion


Central Retina Artery Occlusion


Retinal Tears / Detachments


Retinitis Pigmentosa