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RetCam photo with a bullous exudative retinal detachment. Angiography shows area of engorged vessels, telangiectasias and neovascularization. Ultrasound with moderate dense vitreous opacities and no calcifications. Surgery with external drainage was required for treatment.

The temporal toxocara lesion led to sub retinal exudation, macular fold and tractional retinal detachment. Surgery was performed with pars plana vitrectomy.

Fundus photo with central and peripheral retinal atrophy as well and bone spicule RPE changes. This patient also had characteristic hearing loss.

Fundus photo with retinal arteriovenous malformation emanating from the nerve. FA shows filling of the vessels without leakage. MRI is needed to assess for intracranial AVMs.

In this module, we will look at:




Extraocular Muscle


Introduction to Pediatric Ophthalmology

Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium A 19-month-old girl with an unremarkable prenatal and infantile history presented with esotropia of the left eye and was found to have a vascularized mass concerning for retinoblastoma. Examination under anesthesia revealed a charcoal …

Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma with Vitreous Hemorrhage A five-week-old full-term male with a history of seizures and birth trauma underwent ophthalmology screening. Initial eye examination revealed vitreous hemorrhage. Subsequent examination under anesthesia with multi-modal imaging revealed vitreou…

This is congenital retinal dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the retinoschisin (RS1) gene, which encodes for a protein that functions in cellular adhesion. The fundus photo shows a macular stellate pattern caused by schisis or splitting of the retinal layers at the level of the outer plexiform l…

Knobloch Syndrome An infant presented to the eye clinic with nystagmus. The patient underwent examination. Initial eye examination revealed horizontal nystagmus, a midline occipital scalp lesion, hypoplastic macula in both eyes, and high myopia (greater than -15.0 D in both eyes). Given a family hi…

Optic nerve cyst (first image) that over time revealed an optic nerve coloboma (second image).

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy A child with a history of full-term birth complicated by arrest of descent and resolved neonatal seizure with normal MRI and EEG was referred for evaluation of nystagmus. An examination under anesthesia was required, during which an electroretinogram demonstrate…

Coats' Plus Disease An infant born prematurely via emergency cesarean section at 27-weeks due to IUGR and fetal distress weighting 650 g was referred for the evaluation of incomplete vascularization of the retina. After birth, the patient spent 117 days in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), w…

Coloboma associated with a systemic syndrome.

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome An infant was brought to the emergency department by his mother referred from his pediatrician after a routine well-child visit. Parents had noticed severe light sensitivity, but patient was otherwise developing well. Patient grimaced to light in both eyes but had poor fix…

Persistent Fetal Vasculature This patient with past ocular history of leukocoria was referred forretinal evaluation. Ophthalmological evaluation under anesthesia was notable for a cataractous lens with spherical appearance,anterior segment dysplasia andpersistence of the iridohyaloid vessels and tu…

Simple Corectopia An otherwise healthy patient without past ocular history presented with left eye irregular pupils since birth and no associated symptoms. The birth history was unremarkable. The examination under anesthesia was notable for visual acuity based on Teller Acuity Cards was approximate…

Patient with Brown Syndrome with images and videos showing for esotropia which was worse in left gaze, hypotropia of left eye worse in right gaze and upgaze accompanied by limited elevation OS in adduction and incyclotorsion left eye, and restriction of extraocular movement of both eyes.

Brown Syndrome A patient was diagnosed with thyroid eye disease (TED) 2 years before presenting to our clinic. He complained of horizontal and vertical diplopia. The diplopia was constant and affected distance vision only. The patient was previously treated with teprotumumab. His exam was notable f…

Marfan Syndrome with Ectopia Lentis A young child presented to the ophthalmology clinic with blurry vision. Slit lamp examination was notable for superotemporally subluxed lenses in both eyes, along with a tall slender body frame. Due to these findings, the patient was referred to a geneticist and …

A patient with slipped right medial rectus 5 days after recession of medial rectus muscle in both eyes, intraoperative images showing slipped muscle.