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Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy A child with a history of full-term birth complicated by arrest of descent and resolved neonatal seizure with normal MRI and EEG was referred for evaluation of nystagmus. An examination under anesthesia was required, during which an electroretinogram demonstrate…

Optic nerve cyst (first image) that over time revealed an optic nerve coloboma (second image).

Knobloch Syndrome An infant presented to the eye clinic with nystagmus. The patient underwent examination. Initial eye examination revealed horizontal nystagmus, a midline occipital scalp lesion, hypoplastic macula in both eyes, and high myopia (greater than -15.0 D in both eyes). Given a family hi…

This is congenital retinal dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the retinoschisin (RS1) gene, which encodes for a protein that functions in cellular adhesion. The fundus photo shows a macular stellate pattern caused by schisis or splitting of the retinal layers at the level of the outer plexiform l…

Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium A 19-month-old girl with an unremarkable prenatal and infantile history presented with esotropia of the left eye and was found to have a vascularized mass concerning for retinoblastoma. Examination under anesthesia revealed a charcoal …

Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma with Vitreous Hemorrhage A five-week-old full-term male with a history of seizures and birth trauma underwent ophthalmology screening. Initial eye examination revealed vitreous hemorrhage. Subsequent examination under anesthesia with multi-modal imaging revealed vitreou…

In this module, we will look at:




Extraocular Muscle


Introduction to Pediatric Ophthalmology

RetCam photo with a bullous exudative retinal detachment. Angiography shows area of engorged vessels, telangiectasias and neovascularization. Ultrasound with moderate dense vitreous opacities and no calcifications. Surgery with external drainage was required for treatment.

The temporal toxocara lesion led to sub retinal exudation, macular fold and tractional retinal detachment. Surgery was performed with pars plana vitrectomy.

Fundus photo with central and peripheral retinal atrophy as well and bone spicule RPE changes. This patient also had characteristic hearing loss.

Fundus photo with retinal arteriovenous malformation emanating from the nerve. FA shows filling of the vessels without leakage. MRI is needed to assess for intracranial AVMs.