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Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis A patient with well-controlled HIV on antiretroviral therapy presented to the emergency department with five months of left eye pain, redness, discharge, and blurry vision. Visual acuity in the left eye was found to be 20/60 and slit lamp examination was remarkable f…

Fundus photo demonstrating a peripaillary elevated lesion. OCT with subretinal fluid and retina thickening. CT scan showed pulmonary nodules.

Pigmented lesion in the peripapillary area with lacunae suggesting chronicity.

PFO liquid in the anterior chamber after retinal surgery. This caused some corneal edema and required removal.

Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy A patient presented to Bascom Palmer Eye Institute complaining of slowly progressive vision loss in both eyes occurring over several years. Examination revealed 20/25, 20/30 vision, bilateral hyperpigmented mottling in the posterior pole. Fundus autofluorescence sho…

The large staple was able to be surgically removed and was performed with phacoemulsification of the lens.

Penetrating Ocular Fishhook Injury A patient with a history of stroke, hypertension, and pseudophakia of both eyes, presented with eye trauma while fishing without protective eyewear. While reeling in, his fishhook flew out of the water and hit him in the right eye. On presentation, his right eye v…

In this module, we will look at:




Extraocular Muscle


Introduction to Pediatric Ophthalmology

A 7-year-old patient with fundus photos showing temporal optic nerve pallor OU. Vision was 20/400 and 20/800. Ganglion cell layer of the patients male first cousin reveals diffuse thinning.

Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy A patient with a history of advanced ovarian cancer presented with flashes, glare and peripheral visual field loss of 10 months duration. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye with normal intraocular pressures in both…

This patient presented with optic nerve edema. The medical history was significant for acute promyelocytic leukemia being treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The picture however worsened in tandem with intracranial hemorrhage from possible intracranial leukemia, raising the concern for leu…

PAM and OSSN This case presents a 67-year-old gentleman who was referred for a pigmented lesion. The HR-OCT suggested that this was not simply a small area of PAM, but rather demonstrated an epithelial hyper-reflectivity and thickening with an abrupt change from normal to mildly thickened epitheliu…

Patient presents with unilateral blurred vision, foreign body sensation and redness. Picture on the right shows gelatinous pinguecula at limbal location 4 clock hour, corneal surface with significant PEE. Picture on the left is HR-OCT that shows thickened and hyperreflective epithelium with abrupt …

Orbital Venous Lymphatic Malformation A 2-year-old previously healthy female presented with 2 days of sudden onset left lid swelling immediately following an episode of vomiting. She was found on exam to have ptosis, mild proptosis, and left upper lid edema, induration, and fullness. MRI of the orb…

Orbital Venous Lymphatic Malformation A patient presented to the ER complaining of 2 days of increasing pain and swelling behind the left eye. Of note the patient reported that as a teenager he was previously treated for an orbital tumor. On exam he was found to have massive proptosis, hyperglobus …

Orbital Sarcoidosis A patient presented with three months of left eye swelling and pain. He was found to have periorbital firmness and fullness, proptosis, and conjunctival chemosis. He underwent computed tomography imaging of the orbits with contrast, which demonstrated an ill-defined, irregular a…