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External photo depicting characteristic yellow papules, or p'eau d'orange, on the neck. Fundus photos with angioid streaks (yellow arrows).

The patient presented with a RAM and sub-macular hemorrhage. Treatment was with pars plana vitrectomy, sub-retinal tissue plasminogen activator injection and 26% SF6 gas. The hemorrhage resolved with some photoreceptor changes, but no fibrosis and the patient regained 20/40 vision.

A 40-year-old female with headaches, hearing loss and a superior scotoma in the right eye. Fundus photo with multiple inferior branch retinal artery occlusions. Angiography with non-filling of the inferior arterioles and capillary dropout in the area of the infarct. MRI showed scatter FLAIR lesions…

The traction retinal detachment has taken on a napkin ring configuration.

The curvilinear breaks in Bruch’s membrane and found with some mild associated sub-retinal hemorrhage. Infrared image depicts the patterns of rupture.

This patient was diagnosed with genetic testing to have the hereditary vitreoretinopathy, Wegner's Syndrome. The abnormal vitreoretinal interface leads to a focal tractional retinal detachment of the macula. Post-operative photo and OCT show resolution of the detachment after vitrectomy.

In this module, we will look at:




Anatomy of the Retina, Vitreous, and Choroid


Imaging in the Retina


Age-Related Macular Degeneration


Central Retinal Vein Occlusion


Central Retina Artery Occlusion


Retinal Tears / Detachments


Retinitis Pigmentosa

Toxoplasmosis Necrotizing Retinitis Mimicking Acute Retinal Necrosis A 38-year-old male was referred to Bascom Palmer retina department with a 7-month history of decreased vision in the right eye. Examination revealed hand motions vision, anterior and posterior segment inflammation, and a near tota…

Acute Syphilitic Posterior Placoid Chorioretinitis A 56-year-old Hispanic male with past medical history of gout presented to the emergency room with a “purple spot” in his right eye for the last four days. Examination was significant for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/70, no anterior c…

Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A 47-year-old male with previous diagnosis of exudative AMD s/p multiple Avastin injections presents with complaint of decreased vision OU. Exam was significant for VA 20/200 OD, 20/25 OS. DFE significant for macular mottling OU. OCT shows serous retinal …

Klebsiella Pneumoniae Endogenous Endophthalmitis A 46-year-old healthy male presented with a red and painful eye with a preceding febrile gastrointestinal illness. Examination and work-up revealed concomitant intraocular and liver abscesses that required pars plana vitrectomy, drainage of subretina…

In this condition, vasculitis of both arteries and veins, with translucent exudation, gives a similar appearance to the frosted branches of a tree. (Yellow arrow). Superior nasally, there is also the classic retinal whitening with retinal hemorrhages, also known as a “pizza pie fundus”.

The pseudocyst (yellow arrow) can be a signal that the retinal detachment is chronic. The ultrasound helps to clearly define the fluid filled cavity. It is thought that these are formed by schisis cavities in the outer plexiform layer. If closure of the primary break is not possible, or if the pseu…

Full Thickness Macular Hole A 68-year-old female presented with blurry vision OD. Reported seeing black spots that became yellow with a halo and cloudy central vision. VA: 20/50 OD and 20/20 OS. DFE was significant for a small round defect in the fovea OD. Imaging work up: significant for OCT showi…

Submacular Hemorrhage An 82-year-old woman presents for follow-up for macular degeneration. Her vision in the right eye at the time of presentation is 20/60. After loss to follow-up due to Covid-19, the patient presents with decreased vision in the right eye secondary to a submacular hemorrhage. He…