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Acute Syphilitic Posterior Placoid Chorioretinitis A 56-year-old Hispanic male with past medical history of gout presented to the emergency room with a “purple spot” in his right eye for the last four days. Examination was significant for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/70, no anterior c…

Toxoplasmosis Necrotizing Retinitis Mimicking Acute Retinal Necrosis A 38-year-old male was referred to Bascom Palmer retina department with a 7-month history of decreased vision in the right eye. Examination revealed hand motions vision, anterior and posterior segment inflammation, and a near tota…

In this module, we will look at:




Anatomy of the Retina, Vitreous, and Choroid


Imaging in the Retina


Age-Related Macular Degeneration


Central Retinal Vein Occlusion


Central Retina Artery Occlusion


Retinal Tears / Detachments


Retinitis Pigmentosa

Presentation with peripheral retinal whitening and perivascular hemorrhages. PCR was positive for HSV. Treatment was with the intravitreal antiviral Foscarnet as well as oral Valacyclovir. On 3 months follow up there was improvement in the retinitis with peripheral atrophy that was laser demarcated…

Fundus photo with exudates in a stellate pattern surrounding macula. OCT showing the hyperdense exudates in the outerplexiform layer.

Right eye with central retinal artery occlusion and left eye with superior branch retinal artery occlusion.

Fundus photos with creamy yellow sub-retinal lesions emanating radially from the nerve. FA OS with late staining and ICG with delineated hypocyanescent spots in the mid and late phases. The patient was HLA-A29 positive. ERG was used to monitor, assessing the B wave for a delayed 30hz flicker time.

A 40-year-old patient with systemic hypertension and history of polysubstance abuse. CBC was within normal limits. Photo shows dilated and engorged vessels, cotton wool spots, and flame hemorrhages.

Fundus photos showing sub-retinal angiogenesis with hemorrhage. OCT with pigment epithelial detachment and outer-retinal atrophy. Autofluorescence with a guttering pattern of the atrophy typical with CSR.

Fundus photo with hypopigmented patch with choroidal thickening temporally. B-scan demonstrates the fundus thickening with mild hyperdensity.

This patient is known to have XLRS and is 80 years old. Over time the macula schisis has led to central atrophy and pigmentary changes. The OCT shows schisis cavities and thinning of the retina.

Patient with a history of pathological myopia and retinal detachment in the fellow eye. Has been stable with a large chronic retinal detachment. There are two demarcation lines noted in the macula. The vision is preserved.

Temporal horseshoe tear with localized retinal detachment. It was demarcated with laser retinopexy and has remained stable.

Patient with HIV on treatment with Didanosine. Fundus photos with peripheral, well circumscribed, patchy choroidal atrophy in both eyes.

Fundus photo with multifocal unilateral white dots and central atrophy. On closer inspection a sub retinal nematode is found. Post laser treatment with laser photocoagulation and with many years of follow up there was no progression of the uveitis.

Immunocompromised patient with HIV presenting with atypical presentation of viral retinitis.